Beginner-Exploring-Linux

[![Author](https://img.shields.io/badge/Author-Senka_Wolf-4044ee?style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/silentz) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache--2.0-blue?style=for-the-badge)](./LICENSE.md) ![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/senkawolf/Software-List?style=for-the-badge)

Expand Table Here

- [Arch-based Distributions](#Arch-based-Distributions) - [Arch Linux Install Process](#Arch-Linux-Install-Process) - [chroot Environment](#chroot-Environment) - [Fix Discover app backend](#Fix-Discover-app-backend) - [Tweaks and Improvements](#Tweaks-and-Improvements) - [Themes](#Themes) - [Guides](#Guides) - [Miscellaneous](#Miscellaneous)

Arch-based Distributions

This list is OS distributions which are derived from Arch Linux either in whole or in part. The version you use is down to preference, taste in distros and use case.

_{In alphabetical order.}

Arch Linux
CachyOS
EndeavourOS
Garuda Linux - Targeted towards gaming however does bring alot of bloat and not recommended for low end computers.
Manjaro
XeroLinux - Simplies installation process and offers pre-configured environments that serve as an elegant but functional starting point for users.

Arch Linux Install Process

Now we will be going through the install process of Arch Linux, you should be in a CLI Environment to be able to follow the steps below.

[!TIP] To increase the font size type the command setfont ter-132n.

To change it back to the default type setfont.

If you want to clear the console screen you can by pressing Ctrl + L this can help declutter the console to make it easier to follow along.

Connecting to the internet.
- If you are using a ethernet cable you can use the ping command to check the connection. Type ping google.com and you should see a ping return.
  - To stop the pings press Ctrl + C.
- If you are using Wi-Fi then you will need to use iwctl to connect to the internet. Type iwctl to enter the iwd shell.
  - The type device list to see a list of network interfaces.
  - Look for ‘wlan0’ then type device wlan0 show to see more information.
  - Then type station wlan0 get-networks to see a list of Wi-Fi networks.
  - Then type station wlan0 connect [name of Wi-Fi network] replace [] with the name of your Wi-Fi network.
  - It will then ask for your Wi-Fi password.
  - Now exit the iwd shell by typing exit.
  - Try using ping command to check the connection by typing ping google.com.
    - To stop the pings press Ctrl + C.
Syncing system packages and updating.
- Type pacman -Sy to sync and upgrade system packages.
Formatting Disk
- Now type lsblk to show a list of all the connect drives to the computer.
- If you’re unsure what drive you need to use, you can type fdisk -l to see more information.
- Make sure you are careful as it’s important you format the correct drive otherwise you could lose important data.
  - If you are using a virtual machine then the drive will most likely be named ‘sda’.
- Once you have confirmed the correct drive (I’m using sda in this instance) run the command gdisk /dev/[drive name] e.g. gdisk /dev/sda to enter the gdisk tool.
- Once in gdisk press x to enter expert mode.
- Then press z to erase the drive.
- Follow the prompts by typing y to finish the process.
- Now in my case the ‘sda’ drive should be free of nay partitions and files.
Install Script
- Now type the command pacman -Sy archlinux-keyring which contains the public keys used to verify the authenticity and integrity of Arch Linux packages ensuring they come from trusted sources.
  - Make sure you press y for any prompts.
- Now type pacman -Sy archinstall to setup the arch install script.
  - Make sure you press y for any prompts.
- Now type archinstall.
  - Use the arrow keys to navigate through the options.
- Set the system language.
- Go into Locales and set the options which best suit you, for me I will configure it for the United Kingdom.
  - Keyboard layout: uk
  - Locale language: en_GB
- Select Disk Configuration
  - Select Partitioning
  - Select Use a best-effort default partition layout
  - Select the drive where you want to install Arch Linux, the one we identified earlier. So in my case dev/sda.
  - Select the btrfs filesystem.
  - Select yes to would you like to use BTRFS subvolumes with a default structure.
  - Select Use compression.
  - Then go back oto the main menu.
- Select Bootloader
  - Make sure Grub is selected.
- Select Root password and set a secure password.
- Select User account
  - Select Add a user (Username must be all lowercase and say yes to being a superuser(sudo)).
  - Confirm and exit.
- Select Profile
  - Select Type
  - Select Desktop
  - Now select the type of desktop environment you want:
    - KDE Plasma - Best UI
    - Xfce - Nice compromise between looks and performance, particularly if you have an older computer.
- Select Graphics Driver
  - Pick the driver which suits your computer hardware configuration.
  - NVIDIA - Select the Nvidia (proprietary) option.
  - Virtual Machine - If you’re using a virtual machine then select VMware / VirtualBox (open-source).
  - Then go back oto the main menu.
- Audio
  - Then select the option pipewire.
- Additional packages
  - Here you can specify a list of tools to be installed separated by spaces. Below is a list of some packages:
  - htop fastfetch neofetch git curl wget base-devel
- Network configuration
  - Select NetworkManager
- Timezone
  - Set this to your timezone, in my case it would be Europe/London
- Finally you are ready to press install, this may take a few minutes.
- Once the installtion has been completed you will get a prompt saying wouldl you like to chroot into the newly created installation and perform post-installation configuration.
  - Select yes.

chroot Environment

Now we are in the chroot environment where we can install useful tools before booting into the desktop environment. These tools are optional, the tools are separated by spaces in the below command.

$ pacman -Sy enchant mythes-en ttf-liberation hunspell-en_GB ttf-bitstream-vera adobe-source-sans-pro-fonts gst-plugins-good ttf-droid ttf-dejavu aspell-en icedtea-web gst-libav ttf-ubuntu-font-family ttf-anonymous-pro jre8-openjdk languagetool libmythes firefox libreoffice-fresh vlc
$ exit          #To exit the chroot environment
$ shutdown now  #Powers off your computer or virtual machine

[!IMPORTANT]
If you installed Arch Linus onto bare metal remove the bootsable USB and turn on the computer.

Fix Discover app backend

The Discover application helps you find and install applications, games, and tools from multiple sources. If you try to launch the application you will get a error saying that Arch Linus is not configured for installing apps through Discover.

To fix this we need to install Flatpak and use it as a backend for Dicover.

$ sudo pacman -Sy
$ sudo pacman -Sy flatpak

Tweaks and Improvements

Configure pacman ^Wiki

Here we are going to improve the visuals of pacman.

$ sudo nano /etc/pacman.conf      #Opens the file pacman.conf

Scroll down the file until you see a line #Color and remove the hashtag.
Add a new line under Color and type ILoveCandy.
Press Ctrl + O to save the file.
Press Ctrl + X to close the nano editor.

$ sudo pacman -Syu      #Make the changes take effect.

Optional: If you have a good computer and internet connection then remove the hashtag in front of ParalleDownloads = 5 so pacman will download several packages at the simultaneously.

Make bash colorful

Here we will make the terminal more colourful, this involves downloading a premade colour scheme.

[!NOTE]
This terminal colour scheme was made by Average Linux User.

Download Linux_terminal_color.zip.

$ sudo pacman -S unzip                      #Installs unzip
$ cd Downloads/                             #Move into downloads folder
$ unzip Linux_terminal_color.zip            #Unzip the file you downloaded earlier
$ sudo mv bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc
$ sudo mv DIR_COLORS /etc/
$ mv .bashrc ~/.bashrc

Close and reopen Konsole.

Automatic package cache cleaning ^Wiki

Downloading package updates can take up a large amount of space over time, this will automatically clear the cache for you. The below instructions will clear the cache weekly but leave 3 of the most recent versions of each package incase you need to downgrade anything.

$ sudo pacman -S pacman-contrib
$ sudo systemctl enable paccache.timer

Installing AUR Helper ^Wiki

The Arch User Repository (AUR) is a communuty-drive repository of packages. If a package isn’t in the official Arch repository it most likey found in the AUR.

$ sudo pacman -S --needed base-devel git
$ mkdir Programs
$ cd Programs/
$ git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
$ cd yay/
$ makepkg -si

Create user folders ^Wiki

By default you don’t get the common folders like pictures, videos etc like you do in Windows. Here is a easy way to create them without having to do it manually.

$ sudo pacman -S xdg-user-dirs
$ xdg-user-dirs-update

Install microcode ^Wiki

Microcode is a essential part of our CPU’s functionality so it’s important that it’s secure and up to date. Make sure you install the packages based on if you have a AMD or Intel CPU.

$ sudo pacman -S amd-ucode      #AMD CPU
$ sudo pacman -S intel-ucode    #Intel CPU

Disable GRUB delay

To speed up your boot process you can disable the GRUB screen and boot into Arch Linux right away.

[!TIP] If you need the GRUB screen you can get to it by holding ESC key whilst booting your virtual machine or computer.

$ sudo nano /etc/default/grub   #Open the grub.cfg file

Scroll down the file to the line GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu.
Edit where it says ‘menu’ to ‘hidden’ GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden.
Press Ctrl + O to save.
Press Ctrl + X to exit.

$ sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg     #Update the grub config
$ sudo reboot now                               #Powers off your computer or virtual machine

Set up firewall ^Wiki

Almost all Linux distributions come with a inactive firewall. The Linux kernel has a built-in firewall and technically all Linux distros have this but it is not configured and activated. Linux is still secure even without an active firewall. By default, most of the distributions have no open ports. It is better to be safe than sorry to add a firewall. A firewall does use some system resources, but not enought to make a impact and it adds an extra layer of security making it worth while.

[!WARNING] Note that this will not work if iptables.service is also enabled.

$ sudo pacman -S ufw                    # To install ufw
$ sudo ufw enable                       # Enabled ufw
$ sudo ufw status verbose               # To check it's status to make sure it's active.
$ sudo systemctl enable ufw.service`    # To make it auto start with the system.

Themes

My Setup

My setup uses the Vivid Dark Global 6 theme. As for Widgets AkA Plasmoids, it uses Apdatifier, Netspeed, Quick Shutdown and Toggle Overview.

Other Themes

Layan

Guides

[!CAUTION] All links here unless specified are NOT affiliated with me.

Miscellaneous

Sources

- [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/) - [KDE Software](https://kde.org/) - [KDE Store](https://store.kde.org/browse/) - [XeroLinux](https://xerolinux.xyz/)

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